It’s impossible to know what is in the heart and mind of the deceased, except to consult their last will and testament. However, when there is a suspicion that the last will and testament has been changed through undue influence, the care that went into the will might be undone cautions the Santa Cruz Sentinel in “No-contest clause throws kink into trust plan.”
The example given is of a woman whose mother was in the care of her niece, who was also the trustee of her mother’s trust. The mother modified the trust to give the niece her home, which is estimated to be worth about a fifth of the total estate value. The daughter notes that at the time these changes were made to the will her mother was in hospice care and being given morphine. It does sound as if it could be influence because changes made to a will during a critical illness, especially in the presence of strong pain medication, are questionable.
Since the trust included a no-contest clause, the daughter wonders if it’s worth challenging the will for one-fifth of the estate to charge the niece with undue influence?
An undue influence claim needs to have three points:
- A confidential relationship — that between the grandmother and the grandchild;
- Active procurement — the granddaughter got her grandmother to amend the trust;
- Unjust enrichment — the granddaughter’s inheritance was increased to more than she would have otherwise received.
If all three elements are met, then the burden of proof shifts to the niece to show that she was not doing anything wrong.
There may also be a lack of capacity claim based on the medication. It may be that the grandmother was too medicated to understand what she was doing.
The no-contest clause does present a problem. If the will is challenged, the daughter is disinherited — but only if she loses. If she wins, that no-contest amendment is invalid and the trust returns to what it was before the changes were made.
At one point, no contest clauses were so powerful that there was consideration given to not allowing them to be used in wills. In California, as of Jan. 1, 2010, a person may file a contest and if the judge determines that they had probable cause they are not automatically disinherited.
In this case, if the facts would lead a reasonable person to conclude that there was undue influence, it’s likely that the daughter in this example would win. It would be up to the court to determine whether she should be disinherited. No-contest clauses are strictly construed by the courts so unless the no-contest clause says that it applies to amendments she may be okay.
There is one fact that she needs to ascertain before moving forward. If the estate planning attorney met with the mother and prepared the amendment, then the attorney will be a neutral witness who will be able to testify to her mother’s mental capacity and her wishes.
It is not uncommon for people to change their wills to favor the person who spends their last weeks or days with them, as they prepare to die. One must wonder in this case as to why the niece and not the daughter was with the grandmother at this time. Perhaps the two were very close or perhaps the granddaughter was manipulating her grandmother. However, no one will ever truly know, except for the granddaughter and the deceased.
Reference: Santa Cruz Sentinel (March 3, 2019) “No-contest clause throws kink into trust plan”
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